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Binary to Gray code conversion for PSK and PAM

Krishna Sankar17 years ago13 years ago141 mins

In this post, let us try to understand Gray codes and their usage in digital communication. Quoting from Wiki entry on Gray code [Gray-Wiki], The reflected binary code, also known as Gray code after Frank Gray, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one digit. In a digital communication system,…

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  • Analog

Need for I-Q modulator and demodulator

Krishna Sankar17 years ago13 years ago401 mins

Post describes about the need for I-Q modulation by comparing the spectral efficiency of passband PAM and passband QAM.

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  • Modulation

Symbol Error Rate (SER) for 4-PAM

Krishna Sankar18 years ago13 years ago421 mins

Following discussion of bit error rate (BER) for BPSK and bit error rate for FSK, it may be interesting to move on to discuss a higher order constellation such as Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM). Consider that the alphabets used for a 4-PAM is (Refer example 5-34 in [DIG-COMM-BARRY-LEE-MESSERSCHMITT]).

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16-PSK 16-QAM 802.11a 2012 Alamouti AWGN BPSK Capacity Communication conference Digital Diversity ECE electromagnetics eye diagram first order FSK GATE Gray IISc interpolation machine_learning Math MIMO ML MMSE modulator noise Nyquist OFDM PAM pdf phase phase_noise PSK pulse shaping QAM raised cosine Rayleigh SIC STBC TETRA transmitter Viterbi ZF

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